Paper Detail

Non-isothermal vertical distribution functions for the Milky Way

Maria Djurić, Ralph Schönrich

arxiv Score 7.3

Published 2026-08-27 · First seen 2026-08-28

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Abstract

The vertical structure of our Galaxy has commonly been assumed to follow a pseudo-isothermal distribution. However, there is no \textit{a priori} reason to expect this form to arise from scattering by giant molecular clouds (GMCs), since GMCs are confined to a narrow layer around the Galactic midplane and therefore do not randomise stars uniformly in vertical phase space. We first present a simple statistical argument to derive a new vertical distribution function (DF), in the limiting case of a razor-thin distribution of GMCs, which admits an extra factor of ${J_z}^{-α}$, where $α>0$ and varies for different potentials. In light of this, we revisit the diffusion coefficients for vertical heating from the mechanics of two-body scattering, in a more realistic, extended distribution of GMCs. The resulting drift and diffusion coefficients are strongly non-linear in $v_z$, particularly at low relative velocities, where the effective range of weak, local encounters can vanish. We determine stationary solutions, and also numerically solve the orbit-averaged Fokker--Planck equation with time-dependent coefficients. We find, in both cases, a vertical action distribution that deviates from that of the pseudo-isothermal case, and propose a new, family of vertical DFs that generalise the pseudo-isothermal form. We find the two primary agents of non-isothermality are: (i) a GMC distribution confined near the midplane, and (ii) the fact that the Coulomb logarithm, $Λ$ is strongly velocity-dependent at small velocities, and cannot be treated as a constant, contrary to the commonly adopted assumption.

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BibTeX

@article{djuri2026non,
  title = {Non-isothermal vertical distribution functions for the Milky Way},
  author = {Maria Djurić and Ralph Schönrich},
  year = {2026},
  abstract = {The vertical structure of our Galaxy has commonly been assumed to follow a pseudo-isothermal distribution. However, there is no \textbackslash{}textit\{a priori\} reason to expect this form to arise from scattering by giant molecular clouds (GMCs), since GMCs are confined to a narrow layer around the Galactic midplane and therefore do not randomise stars uniformly in vertical phase space. We first present a simple statistical argument to derive a new vertical distribution function (DF), in the limiting case of a},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27373},
  keywords = {astro-ph.GA},
  eprint = {2608.27373},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}

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