Paper Detail

Masking Is Not Enough: Generative Restoration for Multimodal De-Identification in Medical AI

Shiva Shrestha, Zongxing Xie, Chen Zhao, Liran Ma, Zhipeng Cai, Honghui Xu

arxiv Score 14.3

Published 2026-08-21 · First seen 2026-08-24

General AI

Abstract

Medical image-text data can expose protected health information (PHI) through both visible image content as well as accompanying text, creating a barrier to privacy-preserving medical AI systems. This risk is especially prominent in multimodal systems, where images, questions, reports, and clinical context may enter training, evaluation, or inference pipelines. Existing medical vision-language benchmarks primarily emphasize task utility, while de-identification methods are often evaluated separately from downstream reasoning. We introduce ClinX, an end-to-end multimodal PHI sanitization framework for medical image-text data. ClinX detects visible identifiers with optical character recognition (OCR), constructs binary PHI masks, and applies ClinX-PRISM, a no-skip generative restoration module with privacy-oriented post-processing for burned-in identifier suppression. In parallel, text-side PHI is reduced through progressive de-identification levels: regex masking, context-aware masking, and rewrite-based sanitization. We evaluate ClinX in medical visual question answering (MedVQA), jointly measuring PHI leakage and downstream utility across image-side, text-side, and combined de-identification settings. Results show that OCR-only masking is not sufficient as a standalone solution, and restoration-based sanitization better preserves clinically relevant visual context while sharply reducing recoverable PHI.

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BibTeX

@article{shrestha2026masking,
  title = {Masking Is Not Enough: Generative Restoration for Multimodal De-Identification in Medical AI},
  author = {Shiva Shrestha and Zongxing Xie and Chen Zhao and Liran Ma and Zhipeng Cai and Honghui Xu},
  year = {2026},
  abstract = {Medical image-text data can expose protected health information (PHI) through both visible image content as well as accompanying text, creating a barrier to privacy-preserving medical AI systems. This risk is especially prominent in multimodal systems, where images, questions, reports, and clinical context may enter training, evaluation, or inference pipelines. Existing medical vision-language benchmarks primarily emphasize task utility, while de-identification methods are often evaluated separa},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21133},
  keywords = {cs.CV, cs.CR},
  eprint = {2608.21133},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}

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