Paper Detail

Matching Trace Element Distribution to Mineralogical Phases in Ancient Biotechnology-Derived Metallic Salts: a Multimodal Analysis

Sumera Rehman, Spyridon Panagiotopoulos, Georgios E Christidis, Athena Athanassiadou, Alessandro Olivo, Effie Photos-Jones, Silvia Cipiccia

arxiv Score 4.3

Published 2026-07-30 · First seen 2026-07-31

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Abstract

Conventional X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis applied to the investigation of ancient metal salts used as pigments and/or therapeutics provide bulk average compositions in two stand-alone data sets; however, major elements aside, these two sets cannot inform on the spatial distribution of one with respect to the other. To address this issue, we present here a multimodal approach incorporating spatially resolved XRF, XRD and nanoscale X-ray imaging applied to the analysis of archaeological and experimental samples of synthetic lead carbonate (PbCO3 - Greek psimythion); psimythion was used in antiquity as a cosmetic and/or a therapeutic for external applications. The experimental sample was produced according to a well-documented recipe dated to the 4th century BCE. In this paper we demonstrate that by using a multimodal approach we can confidently assign trace elements to individual crystalline or to infer the existence of non-crystalline phases. Although the assignment of an element to a phase (i.e. the location) is now possible, the origin underlying it (i.e. the mechanism) is not always clear. Trace elements do not 'control' chemical/mineralogical composition, but they can influence it. Our approach is particularly suited to following changes in the artefact's chemical/mineralogical profile, from its manufacture, to use and burial, to excavation and conservation.

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BibTeX

@article{rehman2026matching,
  title = {Matching Trace Element Distribution to Mineralogical Phases in Ancient Biotechnology-Derived Metallic Salts: a Multimodal Analysis},
  author = {Sumera Rehman and Spyridon Panagiotopoulos and Georgios E Christidis and Athena Athanassiadou and Alessandro Olivo and Effie Photos-Jones and Silvia Cipiccia},
  year = {2026},
  abstract = {Conventional X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis applied to the investigation of ancient metal salts used as pigments and/or therapeutics provide bulk average compositions in two stand-alone data sets; however, major elements aside, these two sets cannot inform on the spatial distribution of one with respect to the other. To address this issue, we present here a multimodal approach incorporating spatially resolved XRF, XRD and nanoscale X-ray imaging applied to the anal},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.28492},
  keywords = {physics.app-ph},
  eprint = {2607.28492},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}

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