Paper Detail
Xucong Wang, Ziyu Ma, Shidong Yang, Tongwen Huang, Pengkun Wang, Yong Wang, Xiangxiang Chu
Although Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated strong performance on complex tasks, their learning is often limited by inefficient interaction feedback and static training environments, which hinder broader generalization. To address these limitations, this paper introduces Role-Agent, black{a framework} that harnesses a single LLM to function concurrently as both the agent and the environment, enabling a bootstrapped co-evolution. Role-Agent comprises two synergistic components: World-In-Agent (WIA) and Agent-In-World (AIW). In WIA, the LLM acts as the agent and predicts future states after each action; the alignment between predicted and actual states is then used as a process reward, encouraging environment-aware reasoning. In AIW, the LLM analyzes failure modes from failed trajectories and retrieves tasks with similar failure patterns, thereby reshaping the training data distribution for targeted practice. Experiments on multiple benchmarks show that Role-Agent consistently improves performance, yielding an average gain of over 4\% over strong baselines.
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@misc{wang2026role,
title = {Role-Agent: Bootstrapping LLM Agents via Dual-Role Evolution},
author = {Xucong Wang and Ziyu Ma and Shidong Yang and Tongwen Huang and Pengkun Wang and Yong Wang and Xiangxiang Chu},
year = {2026},
abstract = {Although Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated strong performance on complex tasks, their learning is often limited by inefficient interaction feedback and static training environments, which hinder broader generalization. To address these limitations, this paper introduces Role-Agent, black\{a framework\} that harnesses a single LLM to function concurrently as both the agent and the environment, enabling a bootstrapped co-evolution. Role-Agent comprises two synergistic components: W},
url = {https://huggingface.co/papers/2606.10917},
keywords = {Large Language Model, LLM agents, bootstrapped co-evolution, World-In-Agent, Agent-In-World, environment-aware reasoning, targeted practice, code available, huggingface daily},
eprint = {2606.10917},
archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}
{}