Paper Detail

LUNA-AD: Lightweight Uncertainty-Aware Language Model with Lifelong Learning for Autonomous Driving

Ruoyu Yao, Pei Liu, Ruiguo Zhong, Mingxing Peng, Rui Yang, Jun Ma

arxiv Score 20.3

Published 2026-06-07 · First seen 2026-06-09

Research Track A · General AI

Abstract

While large language models (LLMs) offer promising reasoning capabilities, their integration into safety-critical driving systems is hindered by limited reasoning diversity, high computational overhead, and static learning paradigms. To address these challenges, we propose LUNA-AD, a lightweight uncertainty-aware language model with lifelong learning for autonomous driving (AD). LUNA-AD features a tri-system architecture that reconciles complex multimodal behavioral reasoning, efficient deployment, and continual refinement. We design a multi-agent analytical system to generate uncertainty-aware decision-making demonstrations through diverse hypothesis exploration. A dual-head lightweight heuristic model is distilled to unify the inference of decision distributions and textual explanations while enabling efficient deployment. Furthermore, a reflection-driven lifelong learning mechanism operates on multimodal decision outputs and preserves strategic diversity, allowing for the refinement of candidate decisions and rationales via closed-loop feedback to enhance driving robustness. Extensive experiments on nuPlan benchmarks demonstrate that LUNA-AD achieves state-of-the-art success rates under both non-reactive and reactive modes, with drastically reduced inference latency compared to existing knowledge-driven AD frameworks.

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BibTeX

@article{yao2026luna,
  title = {LUNA-AD: Lightweight Uncertainty-Aware Language Model with Lifelong Learning for Autonomous Driving},
  author = {Ruoyu Yao and Pei Liu and Ruiguo Zhong and Mingxing Peng and Rui Yang and Jun Ma},
  year = {2026},
  abstract = {While large language models (LLMs) offer promising reasoning capabilities, their integration into safety-critical driving systems is hindered by limited reasoning diversity, high computational overhead, and static learning paradigms. To address these challenges, we propose LUNA-AD, a lightweight uncertainty-aware language model with lifelong learning for autonomous driving (AD). LUNA-AD features a tri-system architecture that reconciles complex multimodal behavioral reasoning, efficient deployme},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.08470},
  keywords = {cs.RO},
  eprint = {2606.08470},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}

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