Paper Detail
Jiahang Lin, Shichun Liu, Chengjun Pan, Lizhi Lin, Shihan Dou, Xuanjing Huang, Hang Yan, Zhenhua Han, Tao Gui
Harnesses have become a central determinant of coding-agent performance, shaping how models interact with repositories, tools, and execution environments. Yet automating harness engineering is hard: a heterogeneous action space, sparse and noisy evaluation signal, multi-million-token trajectories, and edits whose effect is hard to attribute to the next round's outcomes. We introduce Agentic Harness Engineering (AHE), a framework that automates harness-level evolution by instrumenting the three stages of any engineering loop (component editing, trajectory inspection, and decision making) with matched observability pillars: (1) component observability gives every editable harness component a file-level representation so the action space is explicit and revertible; (2) experience observability distills millions of raw trajectory tokens into a layered, drill-down evidence corpus that an evolving agent can actually consume; and (3) decision observability pairs every edit with a self-declared prediction, later verified against the next round's task-level outcomes. Together, these pillars turn every edit into a falsifiable contract, so harness evolution proceeds autonomously without collapsing into trial-and-error. Empirically, ten AHE iterations lift pass@1 on Terminal-Bench 2 from 69.7% to 77.0%, surpassing the human-designed harness Codex-CLI (71.9%) and the self-evolving baselines ACE and TF-GRPO. The frozen harness transfers without re-evolution: on SWE-bench-verified it tops aggregate success at 12% fewer tokens than the seed, and on Terminal-Bench 2 it yields +5.1 to +10.1pp cross-family gains across three alternate model families, indicating the evolved components encode general engineering experience rather than benchmark-specific tuning. These results position observability-driven evolution as a practical pathway to keep coding-agent harnesses continually improving.
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@article{lin2026agentic,
title = {Agentic Harness Engineering: Observability-Driven Automatic Evolution of Coding-Agent Harnesses},
author = {Jiahang Lin and Shichun Liu and Chengjun Pan and Lizhi Lin and Shihan Dou and Xuanjing Huang and Hang Yan and Zhenhua Han and Tao Gui},
year = {2026},
abstract = {Harnesses have become a central determinant of coding-agent performance, shaping how models interact with repositories, tools, and execution environments. Yet automating harness engineering is hard: a heterogeneous action space, sparse and noisy evaluation signal, multi-million-token trajectories, and edits whose effect is hard to attribute to the next round's outcomes. We introduce Agentic Harness Engineering (AHE), a framework that automates harness-level evolution by instrumenting the three s},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25850},
keywords = {cs.CL, cs.SE},
eprint = {2604.25850},
archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}
{}