Paper Detail

LACE: Loss-Adaptive Capacity Expansion for Continual Learning

Shivnath Tathe

arxiv Score 12.5

Published 2026-03-30 · First seen 2026-03-31

Research Track A

Abstract

Fixed representational capacity is a fundamental constraint in continual learning: practitioners must guess an appropriate model width before training, without knowing how many distinct concepts the data contains. We propose LACE (Loss-Adaptive Capacity Expansion), a simple online mechanism that expands a model's representational capacity during training by monitoring its own loss signal. When sustained loss deviation exceeds a threshold - indicating that the current capacity is insufficient for newly encountered data - LACE adds new dimensions to the projection layer and trains them jointly with existing parameters. Across synthetic and real-data experiments, LACE triggers expansions exclusively at domain boundaries (100% boundary precision, zero false positives), matches the accuracy of a large fixed-capacity model while starting from a fraction of its dimensions, and produces adapter dimensions that are collectively critical to performance (3% accuracy drop when all adapters removed). We further demonstrate unsupervised domain separation in GPT-2 activations via layer-wise clustering, showing a U-shaped separability curve across layers that motivates adaptive capacity allocation in deep networks. LACE requires no labels, no replay buffers, and no external controllers, making it suitable for on-device continual learning under resource constraints.

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BibTeX

@article{tathe2026lace,
  title = {LACE: Loss-Adaptive Capacity Expansion for Continual Learning},
  author = {Shivnath Tathe},
  year = {2026},
  abstract = {Fixed representational capacity is a fundamental constraint in continual learning: practitioners must guess an appropriate model width before training, without knowing how many distinct concepts the data contains. We propose LACE (Loss-Adaptive Capacity Expansion), a simple online mechanism that expands a model's representational capacity during training by monitoring its own loss signal. When sustained loss deviation exceeds a threshold - indicating that the current capacity is insufficient for},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28611},
  keywords = {cs.LG},
  eprint = {2603.28611},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
}

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